chapter 10

                                                                    Chapter 10

-Database is a structured set of data held in a computer, especially one that is accessible in various ways.

-Data is defined as facts or figures, or information that's stored in or used by a computer. An example of data is information collected for a research paper. An example of data is an email.

-Information processing is the change (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer.As such, it is a process that describes everything that happens (changes) in the universe, from the falling of a rock (a change in position) to the printing of a text file from a digital computer system.

-A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. Also users to : create a computerized database , add/modify/delete ,sort and retrieved ,create forms and report forms data .

-Data integrity is a fundamental component of information security.

-Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) in the field of computer science or information and communications technology refers to the fact that computers, since they operate by logical processes, will unquestioningly process unintended, even nonsensical, input data ("garbage in") and produce undesired, often nonsensical, output.

- Valuable information should have the following characteristics : accurate ,verifiable ,timely ,organized , accessible ,useful, cost effective.

-Data hierarchy refers to the systematic organization of data, often in a hierarchical form. Data organization involves fields, records, files and so on. A data field holds a single fact or attribute of an entity. ... A record is a collection of related fields.

- Common data types include : text ,data ,numeric ,memo ,object , auto number, yes/no , attachment ,currency, hyperlink.

-A record type is a data type that describes such values and variables. Most modern computer languages allow the programmer to define new record types.

-A primary key, also called a primary keyword, is a key in a relational database that is unique for each record.

-File maintenance is the periodic updating of master files. For example, adding/deleting employees and customers, making address changes and changing product prices.

-Validation is an automatic computer check to ensure that the data entered is sensible and reasonable. It does not check the accuracy of data.

-File processing system :

•Each department has its own set of files

•Used for many years

•Have data redundancy

•Isolate data.

-Database approach  is a way in which data is stored within a computer. It is organized into various charts that are accessed by a variety of computer applications from different locations.

-Data dictionary is a set of information describing the contents, format, and structure of a database and the relationship between its elements, used to control access to and manipulation of the database.

-Database system provides several tools that allows users and programs too retrieve and maintain data in the database: Query language

                                            Query by example

                                            form

                                            Report generator

-Query language is a language for the specification of procedures for the retrieval (and sometimes also modification) of information from a database.

-Query by example  is a database query language for relational databases.

-Form is a window on the screen that provides areas for entering or modifying data in a database.

-Report generator is a computer program whose purpose is to take data from a source such as a database, XML stream or a spreadsheet, and use it to produce a document in a format which satisfies a particular human readership.

-DTBS provide a variety like : backup ,log ,recovery utility, continuous backup.

-Data model consists of rules and standards that define how the database organizes data.

- A relation database stores data in tables that consist of rows and columns.

-Structured query language is a standard computer language for relational database management and data manipulation. SQL is used to query, insert, update and modify data.

-A multidimensional database (MDB) is a type of database that is optimized for data warehouse and online analytical processing (OLAP) applications.

-data warehouse (DW or DWH), also known as an enterprise data warehouse (EDW), is a system used for reporting and data analysis, and is considered a core component of business intelligence.

-Database on the web allows to: buy/sell, search for a job etc...

Chapter 8

                                                                Chapter 8

-There are two types of storage devices used with computers: a primary storage device, such as RAM, and a secondary storage device, like a hard drive. Secondary storage can be removable, internal, or external storage.

-Storage capacity refers to how much disk space one or more storage devices provides. It measures how much data a computer system may contain. For an example, a computer with a 500GB hard drive has a storage capacity of 500 gigabytes. A network server with four 1TB drives, has a storage capacity of 4 terabytes.

-The total time it takes the computer to read data from a storage device such as computer memory, hard drive, CD-ROM or other mechanism. Computer access time is commonly measured in nanoseconds or milliseconds and the lower the access the time the better.

-Hard disk is a rigid non removable magnetic disk with a large data storage capacity ,can store data using longitudinal recording or perpendicular recording. characteristics:- capacity , read/write

                                                                                                                   - platters ,cylinders

                                                                                                                   - etc...

-The format of the show allowed for topical and controversial gags. 4. Computers. the arrangement of data for computer input or output, such as the number and size of fields in a record or the spacing and punctuation of information in a report.

-The hard disk arms move the read/write head, which reads items and writes items in the drive.

-RAID is a data storage virtualization technology that combines multiple physical disk drive components into a single logical unit for the purposes of data redundancy, performance improvement, or both.

-Network-attached storage (NAS) is a file-level computer data storage server connected to a computer network providing data access to a heterogeneous group of clients.

-The disk controller is the controller circuit which enables the CPU to communicate with a hard disk, floppy disk or other kind of disk drive. Also it provides an interface between the disk drive and the bus connecting it to the rest of the system.

-Flash memory is a kind of memory that retains data in the absence of a power supply.

- An solid state drives (ssd) on the other hand, has an array of semiconductor memory organized as a disk drive, using integrated circuits rather than magnetic or optical storage media.

-A memory card or flash card is an electronic flash memory data storage device used for storing digital information.

- USB drive is an external hard disk drive or optical disc drive that plugs into the USB port. See portable hard drive.

-Express Card, initially called NEWCARD, is an interface to connect peripheral devices to a computer, usually a laptop computer.

-Cloud storage is a cloud computing model in which data is stored on remote servers accessed from the Internet, or "cloud."

-An optical disc is an electronic data storage medium that can be written to and read using a low-powered laser beam.(Archive disk, Picture Cd)

-CD-ROM is a compact disc used as a read-only optical memory device for a computer system.

-CD-R is a blank compact disc which can be recorded on once only.

-CD-RW is a blank compact disc that can be recorded, erased, and rerecorded many times.

-others types of storages : tape  ,microfilm and microfiche , enterprise storage , magnetic stripe cards and smart cards.

-Enterprise storage : for example google

Chapter 7

                                                     Chapter 7

-An output device is any device used to send data from a computer to another device or user  Most computer data output that is meant for humans is in the form of audio or video. Thus, most output devices used by humans are in these categories. Examples include monitors, projectors, speakers, headphones and printers.
-A display device is an output device for presentation of information in visual or tactile.
-Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device of a computer.
- LCD monitor is the standard display screen for desktop computers and have some diversities of quality such as :resolution ,response time ,brightness , dot pitch , and contrast ratio. The LCD use a digital signal and should plug into a DVI port, an HDMI port, or a DisplayPort.
   1.Resolution is the number of pixels.
   2.A plasma display is a computer video display in which each pixel on the screen is illuminated by a tiny bit of plasma or charged gas, somewhat like a tiny neon light.
   3. Digital television offers a crisper higher-quality output.
   4.A CRT monitor is a bowl-shaped screen made of a glass envelope containing an electron gun and a fluorescent screen that emits light when the gun releases electrons.
- A printer produces text and graphics on a physical medium (output).
-non-impact printer - Computer Definition. A printer that prints without banging a ribbon onto paper. Laser, LED, inkjet, solid ink, thermal wax transfer and dye sublimation printers are examples of non-impact printers.
 .Ink jet is a printer in which the characters are formed by minute jets of ink.
 .photo printer is a printer specialized for smaller prints such as 4x6" and 5x7".
 .a printer, linked to a computer, producing good-quality printed material by using a laser to form a pattern of electrostatically charged dots on a light-sensitive drum, which attract toner .The toner is transferred to a piece of paper and fixed by a heating process.
 .A multifunction peripheral (MFP) is a device that performs a variety of functions that would otherwise be carried out by separate peripheral devices.
 .Thermal printer is a printer in which small heated pins form characters on heat-sensitive paper.

 .Mobile printing is the process of sending data to a printer wirelessly from a smartphone or tablet.

 .A label printer with built-in keyboard and display for stand-alone use (not connected to a separate computer) is often called a label maker.

 .The plotter is a computer printer for printing vector graphics.

 .Large format is printer that prints on large paper, which can range from two to more than 15 feet in width.

 .Impact printer is the printer works by banging a head or needle against an ink ribbon to make a mark on the paper.

 .Dot matrix printer is a printer that forms images of letters, numbers, etc., from a number of tiny dots.

 .Line printer is a machine that prints output from a computer a line at a time rather than character by character.

 .Others output: speaker ,headphones , data projectors etc...

Chapter 6

                                                                  Chapter 6

-Input is something entered into a machine or other system, the act of entering data or other information, or input can also describe giving one's help, advice or thoughts. An example of input is the text you type into your computer.

-The instructions can be entered into the computers in form of programs, commands ,and users responses.

-An input device is a peripheral used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or information appliance.

-Keyboard is a panel of keys that operate a computer or typewriter ,and then most of them have between 101 and 105 keys etc...there is two types of keyboard : wireless and wired
-The phone's keyboard is adapted according the type of the phone.

-the insertion point is the point where the next characters typed from the keyboard will appear on the display screen.
-ergonomic keyboard is a computer keyboard designed with ergonomic considerations to minimize muscle strain and a host of related problems.
- Mouse: use to move a cursor on a computer screen and have two type (wireless an wired).
-A trackball is a pointing device consisting of a ball held by a socket containing sensors to detect a rotation of the ball about two axes like an upside-down mouse with an exposed protruding ball.
-A touch pad is a device for pointing on a computer display screen. It is an alternative to the mouse.
-Pointing stick: a movable stub embedded in a laptop keyboard that is manipulated to move the screen cursor.
-A touch screen is a touch-sensitive display device.
-For video game use a game controller .
-A digital camera  is a camera that records and stores digital images.
- voice input is a device in which speech is used to input data or system commands directly into a system.
-voice recognition is the ability of a machine or program to identify words and phrases in spoken language and convert them to a machine-readable format.
-Audio input is the process of entering any sound into the computer.
- is a video camera that feeds or streams its image in real time to or through a computer to computer network.
-video conference is a conference in which participants in different locations are able to communicate with each other in sound and vision.
-Optical character recognition involves reading characters from ordinary documents.
-A turnaround document is a document that has been output from a computer, some extra information added to it, and then returned to become an input document.
-(OMR) is a method of entering data into a computer system. Optical Mark Readers reads pencil or pen marks made in pre-defined positions on paper forms as responses to questions or tick list prompts.
-A barcode reader is an electronic device that can read and output printed barcodes to a computer.
-RFID (radio frequency identification) is a technology that incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency (RF) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal, or person.
-A magnetic card reader is a device used to read magnetic stripe cards, such as credit cards.
-

chapter 5

                                                          Chapter 5

Objectives : -define system software and identify the types

                    -describe the functions of an operating system

                    -summarize the startup process

                    - summarize the features of several stand-alone operating system

                    -summarize the features of several embedded operating system

                    -briefly describe various sever

                    -explain the purpose of several utility programs

- System Software: is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer's hardware and application programs.

- Operating System: the software that supports a computer's basic functions, such as scheduling tasks, executing applications, and controlling peripherals.

- Restarting a computer is called booting and has two types :

-Cold boot  refers to the general process of starting the hardware components of a computer, laptop or server to the point that its operating system and all startup applications and services are launched.

- Warm boot refers to restarting a computer that is already turned on via the operating system.

- A boot device is any piece of hardware that can read or contains the files required for a computer to start.

-An operating system include various shut down options as the sleep mode save any open documents and programs to RAM and hibernate save any open documents and programs to a hard disk.

- User interface control. user interface control. An element of a graphical user interface such as a button, menu, list box, text window and dialog box.



- how an operating system handles programs directly affects your productivity

                                       single user and multiuser

                                       single tasking and multitasking

                                       foreground and background

                                       preemptive

                                       multiprocessing



-Memory management is the functionality of an operating system which handles or manages primary memory and moves processes back and forth between main memory and disk during execution. while Virtual memory is a feature of an operating system  that allows a computer to compensate for shortages of physical memory by temporarily transferring pages of data from random access memory (RAM) to disk storage.

- Performance monitor is a type of application that identifies, collects, monitors and reports on the overall operational health of a computer system.

-Operating system often provide users with the capability : managing files, searching for files, and viewing images etc...

-Automatic update automatically provides updates to the program.

-Some operating systems are designed to work with a server on a network .

-A password is secret word or phrase that must be used to gain admission to something and User name or ID is an identification used by a person with access to a computer, network, or online service.

-A standalone operating system is complete and works on a notebook or desktop computer (windows7 provides diversity of programs as windows firewall and windows dvd , MAC OS operating system has set the standard for operating system use Latest version is Mac OS X , UNIX is a widely used multiuser operating system , Linux is an open-source operating system modelled on UNIX)

-An embedded operating system is a specialized OS for use in the computers or mobile built into larger systems.

-Utility software is system software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a computer.

-A file manager is a computer program that provides a user interface to manage files and folders.

-Search utility help us to find what we want.

-Disk Defragmenter is a utility in Microsoft Windows designed to increase access speed by rearranging files stored on a disk to occupy contiguous storage locations, a technique called defragmentation.

-A backup utility allows users to copy files to another storage medium.

-A restore utility reverses the process and returns backed up files to their original form.

-A spyware remover  is a type of program designed to prevent and detect unwanted spyware program installations and to remove those programs if installed.

-An adware remover is a type of program that is designed to remove adware from a computer. This functionality is also built into all modern-day antivirus software.

-Disc burning software writes text, graphics, audio, and video files on a recordable or rewritable optical disc

-A personal computer maintenance utility is the testing and cleaning of equipment.

Chapter 4

                                                                    Chapter4


. The system unit is a box-like case housing the electronic components of a computer that are used to process data. ex: - Drive bay
                            - Power supply
                            - Sound card
                            - Video card
                            - Processor
                            - Memory.
. Motherboard : a printed circuit board containing the principal components of a computer or other device, with connectors into which other circuit boards can be slotted.
. Processor: is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drive a computer. The term processor has generally replaced the term central processing unit (CPU).Then we have processor , input ,and storage device are connected to memory ,and then from memory to output. let say the processor contains registers ,that temporarily hold data and in
. Control unit is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs operation of the processor.
. Arithmetic logic unit : a unit in a computer that carries out arithmetic and logical operations.
. System clock controls the timing all computer operations.
. The pace of the system clock :the operating speed of a computer or its microprocessor, defined as the rate at which it performs internal operations and expressed in cycles per second (megahertz).
. The leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are intel and AMD .
. Processor chip generates heat that could the chip to burn up.
. Parallel processing :a mode of computer operation in which a process is split into parts that execute simultaneously on different processors attached to the same computer.
 Data representation
. Analog signals are continuous and very in strength and quality. Digital signals are one in of two states on and off.
. ASCII  is the most common format for text files in computers and on the Internet. In an ASCII file, each alphabetic, numeric, or special character is represented with a 7-bit binary number.
Memory
. Memory is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently, and the stores three parts.
.Two types of memory: RAM and ROM.
  1. RAM has three type: Dynamic RAM, Static RAM, Magnetoresistive RAM.         
. Ram chip  are the computer's temporary workspace, while flash memory chips are used like disk drives, and then its necessary in a computer often depends on the software.
.Memory cache  also called CPU memory, is random access memory (RAM) that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular RAM.

2. ROM is a type of storage medium that permanently stores data on personal computers (PCs) and other electronic devices.
. PROM: permanent memory chip in which the content is created (programmed) by the customer rather than by the chip manufacturer.
. Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten.
- CMOS technology provides high speeds and consumes little power.
- Access time is the time taken to retrieve data from storage and are measured  in nanoseconds.
Expansion slots and Adapters card
. An expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card .An adapter card enhances functions of a component of the system unit (sound card and video card).
.With plug and play , the computer automatically can configure adapter cards and other peripherals as you install them.
Ports and Connectors
.Port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with a system unit. on the notebook computers the ports are on the back ,front ,or sides. and others types :firewire port, Bluethooth port etc..
.Connectors joins a cable to a port .
. USB  is a plug-and-play portable storage device that uses flash memory and is lightweight enough to attach to a keychain.
. Port replicator is an external device that provides connections to peripherals through ports built into the device.
. Docking station is an external device that attaches to a mobile computer or device.
. Bus allows the various devices both inside and attached to the system unit to communication with each other -data bus and address bus.
. Word size is the number of bits the processor can interpret and execute at a given time.
. Bay  is an open section on the computer used for expansion for add-ons to your computer, such as a hard drive and CD-rom drive .
- Drive bay typically holds drives.
- Power supply is an internal hardware component that supplies components in a computer with power. The power supply converts a volt alternating current (AC) into a steady low-voltage direct current (DC) usable by the computer and rated by the number of watts it generates.

Chapter 3 software for system

                                                             Chapter 3

.Application software is a computer program designed to perform a group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities for the benefit of the user.

                                -business: note taking ,presentation , accounting etc.

                                -graphic and multimedia: design, web page authoring etc.

                                -home, personal and educational: audio and video, legal ,software suite etc.

                                -also available in variety of form : packaged software, custom software, 

                          web application, open source software, shareware, freeware, public domain software.

.System software serves as the interface between user ,the apps ,and the computer's hardware.

.Business software is any software or set of computer programs that are used by business users to perform various business functions. ex: presentation ,database, spreadsheet, business software for phone etc...

.Word processing software is the production, storage, and manipulation of text on a computer or word processor.

. Developing a documents :which means create a document first ,then edit a document and finally format a document.

. Spreadsheet software : an electronic document in which data is arranged in the rows and columns of a grid and can be manipulated and used in calculations and can be represent in graphics.

.Database: a structured set of data held in a computer, especially one that is accessible in various ways.
.Presentation software used to create a sequence of text and graphics, and often audio and video, to accompany a speech .
.Note taking software is application software that enables users to enter typed text, handwritten, drawing, or sketches anywhere on a page.
. Software suite is a collection of individual program available together as a unit.
.Personal application manager kind of software include: appointment calendar, address book, notepad.
.Scaled down version of software are available to work with smart phones and others devices.

-Project management software allows a user to plan, schedule, track and analyze the events.

-Accounting software helps companies to record and report their financial transaction.

-Document management software  is a system (based on computer programs in the case of the management of digital documents) used to track, manage and store documents and reduce paper.

.Enterprises typically require special computing solutions for various functional units:

           -human resources  -accounting  -engineering  -manufacturing  -marketing  -sales  

           - distribution  -customer service   -information technology.

.Web page authoring software is the system that allows Web pages to be visually created like a desktop publishing program(multimedia).

.Web applications  is a client–server software application in which the client (or user interface) runs in a web browser.

.Applications software communication: web browser, email, chat room, blogging , instant messaging etc..

Learning tools for applications software

. Online help is the electronic equivalent of a user manual. you can ask question etc...

. Web based help provides updates and more comprehensive resources to respond to technical issues about software.

.Web based training  is an internet browser-based learning which is also available on local intranet.

.Distance learning is the delivery of education at one location while the learning takes place at other locations